What’s Stifling Creativity at Coolburst

Regular the world is changing around us. It is a basic piece of development, development and adequacy. Everything from the adjustment in climate, an age, government, or religion influence the manner in which individuals view, think and act in specific circumstances and all in all in the public eye. History has demonstrated that imaginative personalities can at last improve a result or even the most noticeably terrible. From broadcasts to mobile phones, McIntosh PCs to IPODs and IPADs, it was the associations of these items that faced a significant challenge in putting into someone’s inventive thought that influence our general public all in all. These organizations have seen a lot of benefits lows and highs through the hardest economy periods, however they kept on enduring and thrive through such occasions by considering the domain of plausibility and realizing their conceivable outcomes. In any case, what happens when an association stifles the idea of reevaluating themselves to adjust to changes in the public eye and even the world? Coolburst is encountering a significant authoritative battle between what worked for them to get them where they are today and the stuff to keep on endeavoring later on. Coolburst is situated in Miami, Florida. The beverage items that they serve are sold in schools and eateries. The customary perspectives on during business have sent them much accomplishment from their beginnings. They have experience incredible development as the years progressed, yet as of late, they overall revenue has remained consistently with no boosting deals. Executive of Marketing Sam Jenkins has tested Coolburst’s view and the board on changing their perspective and opening their brain to new thoughts under previous CEO Garth LaRoue. Jenkins’s new thoughts of efficiency and advancement were viewed as unconventional inside the association. At last, Jenkins left the Coolburst to go with an organization that was more improved and imagination. Seeing these distinctions of feelings among Coolburst and Jenkins is new CEO Luisa Roberado. Presently, Roberado is confronting one of greatest difficulties yet for Coolburst, what changes can be made to make Coolburst progressively gainful and greater innovativeness to keep up or even outperformed the interest of a consistently evolving society. Was Jenkins’s new thought that implausible with the association or would he say he was on to something that can change the way Coolburst works together to rival expected contender? This contextual investigation will investigate why Coolburst made some hard memories tolerating Jenkins’s thought on making Coolburst better later on, what the association can do to keep with social changes, and how Roberado can actualize and even changed the present philosophy of Coolburst and help the organization took advantage of their assets and prosper the organization to the top in development, imagination, and in overall revenues.

The Art And Result Of Communication Essay Example For Students

The Art And Result Of Communication Essay Correspondence is a two-way procedure or discourse that includes the sender handing-off a message, through a correspondence medium or channel, to the recipient of the message. Two gatherings are endeavoring to share implications and identify with them in a similar way; along these lines correspondence will be fruitful. The final product of correspondence is that it must draw out a reaction and change conduct. The most significant factor is for the sender to convey his/her thoughts plainly and for the collector to tune in with comprehension. We discuss each day with nearly everybody around us. Messages can be sent to others by two different ways of imparting, verbally and non verbally. The majority of the verbal correspondence is starting with one individual then onto the next. This is valid in a family, social, or a work setting. One-on-one verbal correspondence manages the best open door for exact correspondence, on the grounds that quick input from the collector can tell whether the message has been seen precisely. Be that as it may, conveying viably includes something beyond precision. The motivation behind most correspondence is to impact the perspectives and practices of those whom we address. We will compose a custom exposition on The Art And Result Of Communication explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now Since humankind is made out of billions of people, each with an alternate method of reacting, nobody approach is generally compelling. It is in this way critical to figure out how to communicate ones self precisely and such that will achieve the reason toward the individual being tended to. (Lewis Slade 2000) The significance of non verbal correspondence is clear in the way that it is utilized in most of human correspondence. The way that non verbal correspondence is a higher priority than some other type of correspondence is because of the enthusiastic data it passes on, which is in any case generally controlled or covered. In this manner, people base their sentiments and enthusiastic reactions less on what someone else says, however upon what someone else does. Truth be told, it is assessed that the effect of non verbal correspondence on a messages importance can be as high as 93%. The two sorts of correspondence are significant when a gathering is cooperating. There are three things expected to make a gathering: a shared objective, at any rate three individuals, and impacts by and impact to other people. At the point when we as a whole work together so as to accomplish an attractive objective, we display relationship. The objective is out of reach without the collaboration of gathering individuals, so we rely upon one another for progress. Achievement isn't characterized separately yet as far as the gathering. Helpful objectives can be fortified by an associated division of work and assets inside a gathering. Gatherings will presumably beat people when certain conditions exist (Forsyth, 1990; Pavitt Curtis, 1994). At the point when the errand requires a wide range and assortment of data and abilities, bunches will in general be better than any person. One gathering study found that the gathering scored fundamentally higher than its most elevated scoring part (Stasson Bradshaw, 1995). This was accomplished by pooling information; when the most noteworthy scoring part didnt know the response to an inquiry, another part ordinarily knew the response to that particular inquiry. In this way, the gathering profited on the grounds that individuals had covering information. Other than pooling information, another explanation bunches beat people when the undertaking is extensive is the gathering recollecting marvel or aggregate review of data. Likewise, bunches beat people when both the gathering and any individual looked at are without mastery on the undertaking. None of us are as shrewd as us all (Johnson, 1987). This is when cooperative energy is utilized. Cooperative energy happens when the joint activity of the gathering individuals produces execution that surpasses the desires dependent on saw capacities of aptitudes of individual individuals. There can likewise be a negative collaboration; which happens when the joint activity of gathering individuals creates a more terrible outcome than anticipated dependent on saw people capacities of aptitudes of individuals. .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 , .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 .postImageUrl , .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 , .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496:hover , .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496:visited , .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496:active { border:0!important; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496:active , .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496:hover { mistiness: 1; change: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: relativ e; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .uec7642d5e57 3ce7a3710883a63e30496 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .uec7642d5e573ce7a3710883a63e30496:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Swimming History EssayGroup size has an extremely enormous impact on the outcomes a gathering produces. At the point when the gathering size is expanded: intricacy, factionalism, data bending, quality dynamic, troubles accomplishing an accord are totally expanded. At the point when gathering size is diminished the accompanying increment: support in bunch conversations, strain to accommodate, part fulfillment, access to data, the progression of negative data to the top, and speed of dynamic. All dynamic gatherings have both an errand measurement and a social measurement. The assignment measurement is the work performed by the g athering. The social measurement is the connections that structure between individuals in the gathering and their effect all in all. In an enterprise, if the manager is just worried about the assignment measurement and overlooks the social component of his laborers it makes an issue. A lot of consideration regarding profitability can reduce cohesiveness by creating pressure and strife. Profitability is the consequence of the productive and compelling achievement of a gathering task. Cohesiveness is how much individuals feel a piece of the gathering and are focused on one another. A gathering will set up rules or measures called standards. Standards characterize proper conduct in determined circumstances. They specify what an individual must do (commitment), should do (inclination), or must not do (denial) so as to accomplish certain objectives. (Smith, 1982) There are two sorts of standards, express and verifiable. Unequivocal standards are decides that are recorded. They are obviously comprehended by every individual from the gathering. Understood standards are suggested rules. They are rules we definitely know without discussing them or clarify them. The primary reason for standards is to accomplish bunch objectives. The norming procedure happens very quickly after gatherings are framed. Individuals cast out attempting to figure out what conduct will be satisfactory and what will be unsatisfactory. There are three standard wellsprings of standards in little gatherings: a few standards are from frameworks outside the little gathering, the impact of a solitary part, and the gathering itself. Each gathering part has an alternate job. A gathering job is the example of conduct expected of a gathering part. There are two kinds of jobs, formal and casual. A proper job is a position appointed by an association or is extraordinarily assigned by the gathering chief. A casual job rises up out of the gatherings exchanges and it underlines capacities not positions. A gathering individuals job is typically chosen when the gathering is at first shaped. What may have started as an easygoing or unnoticed example my rapidly form into a desire. Standards and jobs from the essential structure of a gathering. The relative significance, notoriety, or force held by a specific job is its job status. Structure is the deliberate interrelation of all pieces of the entirety. Structure gives structure and shape to a gathering. Standards assign fitting conduct for all gathering individuals while jobs specify how specific gathering individuals ought to carry on. A standard for a gathering may be that each part buckles down on all undertakings. Jobs, be that as it may, indicate distinctive undertaking practices for a director and a specialist (Johns Sline, 2005). The impacts of jobs on observations can be found in an emotional manner by doing a job inversion, which is venturing into a job unmistakably not quite the same as or inverse of a job we typically play. The impacts of jobs can be found in another manner. At the point when we end up assuming jobs in various gatherings that negate one another, we experience job conflic

Gender Equality in the Workplace Example

Gender Equality in the Workplace Example Gender Equality in the Workplace â€" Research Paper Example > ?Gender Equality In The Workplace Gender equality, just as racial equality, is a subject of immense discussion in the modern society. It is notable that the human civilization has survived on imbalanced power structures such as gender inequality. In this case, the society confers more advantages to a certain group of people than it confers to another group of people. Gender inequality has historically favored men against women. This explains why a significant part of the gender debate is dominated by female empowerment rather than empowerment of every gender. It is arguable that the corporate sector still practices some form of prejudice against women in the workforce in spite of advancement in female empowerment. Indeed, there is a glass ceiling for women in the workplace. It is essential to highlight that most corporations have only allowed female empowerment out of pressure. This is visible in Newsweek’s magazine case whereby young female employees rose against the company’s treatment of women (Bennett and Ellison 1). When companies submit to such pressures, they are least likely to internalize the sense of having an equal workplace. The rise of corporate branding has led companies to participate in noble activities for profits and image purposes. This mode of corporate thought system overrides the real sense of having gender equality in the workplace (Connolly 78). Corporations have realized that having an image of gender balance in their workforce reinforces the corporate responsibility tag. In turn, such corporations do not examine the details involved in the meritocracy of work. Women have unsolved problems in their homes that constrain their career advancement goals (Nemko 1). It is essential to note that nurturing and care giving has been primarily bestowed upon women. This does not accord them enough capacity to advance in their careers. For instance, because women hold the burden of pregnancy and give birth to children, they naturally receive the responsibility of care giving. An empowered woman, at the motherly level, does not possess the empowerment to debate nurturing balance roles with their husbands. This is because women are incapacitated against a societal attitude that exclusively bestow nurturing roles upon women. Firms, unfortunately, have not placed such considerations when giving promotions and awarding management positions to employees. On the other hand, in spite of social advancement, men are still free from care giving duties that consume a significant time of women. “Men, therefore, gain an upper hand in acquiring pay raises and prom otions because they are constantly in the workforce, ” (Gregory 96). The modern workplace has not placed adequate mechanism to place this consideration when evaluating women. Besides, watchdog groups are least likely to pay attention to such details when assessing gender imbalance in work places. In addition, men have flipped the workplace gender’s debate to reflect their needs. Denial of gender imbalance in pay and work conditions is akin to denial of racism in the contemporary society. In this sense, most men feel that they have given enough for women not to complain. In turn, most men do not look at the glass ceiling as a real phenomenon. Besides, men do not recognize that equality in pay and promotions is an entitlement rather than a privilege to women. The idea of liberal markets, democracy, and meritocracy propose that a person, regardless of one’s sex or gender, should earn commensurately to one’s skills and efforts. Men, however, do not recognize this entitlement in women. The workplace should realize that women’s attitudes emanate from the society where they have grown. Quast mentions given myths that individuals hold on gender equality. “According to studies throughout Europe, women in most European countries still prefer to “marry up” to a man who is better educated and earns more money, ” (Quast 1). These attitudes explain why even highly educated women are highly likely to choose low-end jobs in companies. Such women believe that they are incapable of providing for themselves. It is unfair to blame women for possessing such lackluster attitudes despite the fact that they grow up in real societies that instill the notions in them. Most scientific research shows that individuals are products of their nurturing. “When people highlight women’s attitudes as products of their biological predispositions, the society abandons the role of helping the woman rise the corporate ladder, ” (Giele and Stebbins 124). In essence, the existence of the glass ceiling in the workplace is real. This is demonstrable in the wage gap between women and men of equal skills. In spite of notable advancement in women empowerment, corporations still need to pay attention to details as regards gender imbalances. It is crucial to emphasize that the modern workplace has not integrated the biological and social differences between men and women in awarding promotions and pay raises. This is because most women are constrained from the domestic front. In spite of their educational advancement, the society still needs to pay attention to cultural attitudes instilled in women, which bar them from effectively competing with men. Works cited Bennett, Jessica, and Jesse Ellison. ‘Young women, Newsweek, and sexism. ’ Newsweek. 21 March, 2014. Web. October 22, 2014. Connolly, Sean. Gender equality. North Mankato, MN: Smart Apple Media, 2006. Print. Giele, Janet, and Leslie Stebbins. Women and equality in the workplace: a reference handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. Print. Gregory, Raymond F. women and workplace discrimination: overcoming barriers to gender equality. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Univ. Press, 2003. Print. Nemko, Marty. ‘The real reason so few women are in the boardroom. ’ MartyNemko. 2014. Web. October 22, 2014. Quast, Lisa. ‘Debunking myths of gender equality: are personal choices and preferences what's really holding women back from achieving parity at work? ’ Forbes. 14 March, 2014. Web. October 22, 2014.

Negligence As A Tort ( Defitions ) - 2345 Words

1. INTRODUCTION Tortious liability in negligence is a very amorphous topic which has evolved through many centuries through different interpretations of case’s by the jurist who decided them and tried to set a guideline for rest of the world to follow them and so as to rights of everyone is enjoyed in an equal manner without someone suffering because of actions of another’s negligent conduct and if one does suffer then he could have remedy for loss suffered by him. We look into negligence as a constituents of torts and how negligence is defined by other jurist in the introduction chapter of this project. 1.1 NEGLIGENCE AS A TORT (DEFITIONS) Negligence as a tort is a breach of a legal duty to take care which results in damage to the plaintiff. More elaborate definition of negligence can be â€Å"A failure to behave with the level of care that someone of ordinary prudence would have exercised under the same circumstances. The behaviour usually consists of actions, but can also consist of omissions when there is some duty to act (e.g., a duty to help victims of one s previous conduct).† According to Swayne J. of United States, â€Å"Negligence is the failure to do what a reasonable and prudent person would ordinarily have done under circumstances of the situation.† The Supreme Court of India has also coined a definition in one of its judgement it observed that â€Å"Negligence is the breach of a duty caused by the omission to do something which a reasonable man, guided by those

The Genesis Of American Baptists - 2258 Words

The Genesis of American Baptists The American Baptist Movement came from England in the 17th century, after the Baptists were persecuted by the Church of England for being dissenting separatists. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, new members were converted and congregations were formed by Baptist preachers who traveled throughout the South, in particular during the eras of the First and Second Great Awakenings. The Triennial Convention The Triennial Convention was formed in 1814, when American Baptists unified nationally. The convention met every three years and was based in Philadelphia. The Home Mission Society was started in 1832. It was affiliated with the Triennial Convention, and existed to support missions in the United States, particularly in the frontier territories. In spite of this unity in mission among American Baptists, by the middle of the nineteenth century, there were several social, cultural, economic, and political differences becoming apparent among Northern business, Western farmers, and Southern planters. Conflict and Separation In 1844, there was great division over the issue of slavery. The Baptists of the South felt that the Northerners’ position that â€Å"‘slaveholding brethren were less than followers of Jesus’ effectively obliged slaveholding Southerners to leave the fellowship† . There was also disagreement between the Northerners and Southerners over the number of missionaries being supported and sent to the South (probably because ofShow MoreRelatedChurches1025 Words   |  5 PagesMid County Arabic Baptist Church of St. Louis - Mission 11510 Old St. Charles Road Bridgeton MO 63044 636-282-9764 Pastor: Hermez Moshi Bethany Deaf Baptist Church 310 E. Argonne Dr Kirkwood, MO 63122 314-984-9224 Pastor: Thomas Lovis Bible Way Baptist Chruch 7800 Groby St. Louis, MO 63130 314-725-8838 Pastor: Nate Strachan Dorsett Village Baptist Church 2240 Bennington Pl. Maryland Heights, MO 63043 314-576-7729 Pastor: Mark Cline www.dorsettvillagechurch.org Read MoreGo Tell It on the Mountain: Battle of the Flesh Essay example1517 Words   |  7 PagesGo Tell It on the Mountain: Battle of the Flesh Angela E. Baier Nebraska Wesleyan University Go Tell It on the Mountain: Battle of the Flesh There are numerous themes in the American classic Go Tell It on the Mountain (1952). James Baldwin uses racism and family conflict to weave a tale of one black families struggle in a white world. However, the predominant theme of the novel is the struggle between the Spirit and the flesh when one tries to walk with the Lord. Baldwin uses his charactersRead MoreThe Myth Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1412 Words   |  6 Pagesreligious to those apart of that particular religion. But, indefinitely this does no concur that the Epic of Gilgamesh is not a religious text due to the contrary of popular belief. One may be of Catholic belief, and another may be of a: Anglican, Baptist, Pentecostal, Muslim or Hindu religious backgrounds, just to name a few, but don’t all share similar views on particular matters. This does not suggest that they aren’t all religious in anyway but, this goes to show the diversification of religionRead MoreFrom New Amsterdam to New York Essay559 Words   |  3 PagesNew York City is commonly recognized as the genesis of cultural trends and one of the initial American cities to cope with increasing social diversity. The Museum of the City of New York’s â€Å"Activist New York† exhibition recounts New York City immigrants’ fight for religious freedom from colonial times to the present. Above all, as the United States of America has established and amended a set of national principles, New York City has been the focal point of dissension of religious rights. From theRead MoreThe Free Exercise Clause And The Freedom Of Speech1583 Words   |  7 Pagesand the rights within plays out is well written by The Canaan Baptist Church. The article states that in America our human laws, not just the religious rights should and often still do, protect our ability to choose what is right for ourselves and families. They talk about their view of equality and how it should work in religious matters. First they talk about the v iew they have within their specific religion of Christianity, Genesis 2:23â€Å"And Adam said, This is now bone of my bones, and flesh ofRead MoreLegalizing Same-Sex Marriage1119 Words   |  5 Pagesto each other and take responsibility for their children (Anderson). Government is designed to protect the natural rights of the individual, and one of those rights is consensual marriage and the formation of a family (Yenor). Lawmakers during the American Founding period adopted coverture laws, which covered the wife under the legal identity of the husband (Yenor). Marriage in the early republic took the idea of union seriously in order to protect the traditional marriage (Yenor). Even though it hasRead MoreCultural Competency : Cultural Analysis1090 Words   |  5 PagesThe United States began the trail of betrayal when the â€Å"airlifts rescued only the officers from Long Tieng, leaving everyone else behind† (Fadiman, 2012, p. 215). Frustration is understandable since the Hmong â€Å"risked their lives to rescue downed American pilots† which consequentially led to the forced fleeing from their country (Fadiman, 2012, p. 215). The next betrayal occurred when those â€Å"who wanted to come to the United States were not automatically admitted† especially after what they had doneRead MoreHow Does Power Get Distributed Within Religion?856 Words   |  4 PagesNorth American Christianity, of both the presence of gender inequality and androcentrism within religion. We will also learn what androcentrism is, and what gender really means. It is imperative that we know what gender is because it is a key contributor in determining the roles in which men and women are given in religions that have an androcentric nature. To explain how androcentrism is relevant to religion and how power gets distributed within religion, we will be using North American ChristianityRead MoreThe Origin Of Life And Evolution1744 Words   |  7 Pages(Charles Darwin, 1 859), it seems paradoxical that there are still a great significant amount of people who maintain an anti-darwian position on the origin of life and species. A poll done by Gallup Institute in 2004 showed that an approximate of 42% of Americans believe that humanity was created by God, 18% believe in an evolution directed by God, and only 26% of them support Darwin’s theory. In Great Britain, a survey performed by BBC to a 2000 people sample found that 52% said to believe in non DarwinianRead More Capital Punishment Essay: Retain Capital Punishment?696 Words   |  3 PagesCapital Punishment - Retain or Not?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This essay tangles with the question of whether or not we should retain the death penalty within the American code of penal law.    There is a feeling of frustration and horror that we experience at the senseless and brutal crimes that too frequently disrupt the harmony of society. There is pain which accompanies the heartfelt sympathy that we extend to the victims families who, in their time of suffering, are in need of the support and compassion

Lb160 Etma 01 Free Essays

LB160 eTMA 01 Summary of case study on Brompton Bicycles Brompton Bicycles, estimate this year they will sell 19,000 folding bikes with profits of ? 925,000 before tax but they plan to to boost production to 50,000 bikes a year with a ? 1million production revamp and a big sales push focused overseas. The company is aware they need to see significant sales growth both in the Uk and overseas if they want to stay a competitor in the fast growing global market, but they have encountered problems such as capacity and slow production times along with patents which expired 8 years ago. Although they are still covered by copyright other competitors can copy the invention. We will write a custom essay sample on Lb160 Etma 01 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There is also the problem of being based in London so the company does not benefit from the low wage structure of Taiwan, where 80% of bikes are made. Brompton are unwilling to relocate as they have had to train most of its 85 staff in specific skills. Brompton are competitive in other cost areas as they have kept changes to their bikes minimal over the past 20 years so have been able to invest in tools and all their previous marketing has been through word of mouth, which they do need to focus on in the future. Although competitors may compare on quality and undercut them on price, last year one competitor made 350,000 bikes, Brompton believes in engineering ethos and producing bikes which are built to last so does not want to lose sight of the quality of their bikes and become a mainstream dealer, as this would lose its appeal. How to cite Lb160 Etma 01, Papers

John Locke And Substance Essays - Ontology, Epistemologists

John Locke And Substance In his essay, "A Supposition of He Knows Not What," John Locke offers the reader an intriguing view of substances and ideas. He argues for the existence of substances in our world because there must logically be something greater than the ideas and thoughts that occupy our minds. His argument for their existence maintains that we cannot see substances in our realms, but we can perceive them and note their effects on other things around us. Locke first states that there are too many ideas in the world to stand alone. We cannot see these ideas that form in our minds, but we know that the ideas we have cannot persists as one single idea, because everything we think is "a complication of many ideas together" (Reality 90). Since the simple ideas we have cannot exist alone, there must be something larger behind them, and those, Locke asserts, are substances. Locke maintains that we only see substances in our world as ideas, for they are too complex for us to perceive. Because of the qualities of our ideas, we are able to perceive that they exist. The only evidence we have for this belief is that we can put together ideas on our own, and we can also put together ideas about substances, therefore these substances must create our ideas. We perceive substances as ideas, because they are too complicated for our minds and far from our realm of existence. Therefore, Locke's notion of substances reverts back to Plato's idea of a form: substances are things that underlie all thought, that we cannot perceive on our own, but must exist in another place for they form our foundations of thought and ideas.

Prime Minister and the President essays

Prime Minister and the President essays There are two offices separated by 3674 miles, which have served as vital roles on the world stage over the past three centuries. One office represents a culture that drinks tea at four oclock and fishnchips, while the other represents a culture that watches 300-pound men push each other around every Sunday and cheeseburgers. One office has been around for 281 years and the other for 226 years. Both of these offices are given an immense amount of respect throughout the world. Nevertheless, these offices cannot run their own government; they have to work with the House of Commons and the Congress. These two offices are the Prime Minister of Great Britain and the President of the United States of America. The Prime Ministry started in 1721, when Sir Robert Walpole worked at 10 Downing Street- Great Britains equivalent to the White House. Eventually he was dubbed with the title of Prime Minister, and Great Britain had a head to its government. Ever since Walpoles stay in office, there has been a Prime Minister working out of 10 Downing Street. Many of the Prime Ministers have noble decent, serving as Earls, Dukes, or Lords. Currently, the Prime Minister of Great Britain is Tony Blair. He has continued Thatchers policies of privatization, but he took it to an extreme level. With his commitment to public ownership, his party received a new name, New Labour. He was originally elected in 1997, and re-elected in 2001 in a landslide. Although, many of the people in Great Britain are beginning to lose faith in Blair, there has yet to be a no confidence vote. One of the most interesting interactions within the British Government is Question Time. This is a practice of questioning Prime Ministers in Parliament extending back to the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century. Today, it is an important way for Parliament Members to hold the Prime Minister accountable for their legislation and their party...

Fascinating Facts About Arctic Bearded Seal

Fascinating Facts About Arctic Bearded Seal The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) gets its name from its thick, light-colored whiskers, which resemble a beard. These ice seals live in Arctic waters, often on or near floating ice. Bearded seals are 7-8 feet long and weigh 575-800 pounds. Females are larger than males. Bearded seals have a small head, short snout, and square flippers. Their large body has a dark gray or brown coat that may have dark spots or rings. These seals live on or under the ice. They may even sleep in the water, with their heads at the surface so that they can breathe. When under the ice, they breathe through breathing holes, which they may form by pushing their heads through thin ice. Unlike ringed seals, bearded seals dont seem to maintain their breathing holes for long periods. When bearded seals rest on the ice, they lay near the edge, facing down so that they can quickly escape a predator. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraFamily: PhocidaeGenus: ErignathusSpecies: Barbatus Habitat and Distribution Bearded seals live in cold, icy regions in the Arctic, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. They are solitary animals who haul out on ice floes. They may also be found under the ice, but need to come up to the surface and breathe through breathing holes. They live in areas where the water is less than 650 feet deep. Feeding Bearded seals eat fish (e.g., Arctic cod), cephalopods (octopus), and crustaceans (shrimp and crab), and clams. They hunt near the ocean bottom, using their whiskers (vibrissae) to help find food. Reproduction Female bearded seals are sexually mature at around 5 years, while males become sexually mature at 6-7 years. From March to June, males vocalize. When they vocalize, the males dive in a spiral underwater, releasing bubbles as they go, which creates a circle. They surface in the center of the circle. They make a variety of sounds - trills, ascents, sweeps, and moans. Individual males have unique vocalizations, and some males are very territorial, while others may roam. The sounds are thought to be used to advertise their fitness to potential mates and have only been heard during the breeding season. Mating occurs in spring. Females give birth to a pup about 4 feet long in length and 75 pounds in weight the following spring. The total gestation period is about 11 months. Pups are born with a soft fur called lanugo. This fur is grayish-brown and is shed after about a month. Pups nurse their mothers rich, fatty milk for about 2-4 weeks, and then must fend for themselves. The life span of bearded seals is thought to be about 25-30 years. Conservation and Predators Bearded seals are listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. Natural predators of bearded seals include polar bears (their main natural predators), killer whales (orcas), walruses and Greenland sharks. Human-caused threats include hunting (by native hunters), pollution, oil exploration and (potentially) oil spills, increased human noise, coastal development, and climate change. These seals use the ice for breeding, molting, and resting, so they are a species thought to be very vulnerable to global warming. In December 2012, two population segments (the Beringia and Okhotsk population segments) were listed under the Endangered Species Act. NOAA said that the listing was due to the likelihood of a significant decrease in sea ice later this century. References and Further Reading Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Bearded Seal. Accessed January 31, 2013.ARKive. Bearded Seal. Accessed January 31, 2013.Berta, A.; Churchill, M. 2012. Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species, January 31, 2013.Discovery of Sound in the Sea. Bearded Seal. Accessed January 31, 2013.Kovacs, K. Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) 2008. Erignathus barbatus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Accessed January 31, 2013.NOAA Fisheries: Office of Protected Resources. Bearded Seal Accessed January 31, 2013.

Strategic Management Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The human resource management plays a major role during mergers and acquisitions in conducting the following functional responsibilities. Recruitment and retention Change in an organization is normally accompanied by uncertainty. During this period, outside forces which includes recruiters and competitors can take advantage and take the best employees when the company needs them most. The human resources management will help the company come up with and implement recruitment and retention strategy. This will help in identifying and retaining employees with skills which are crucial to the company. Retention strategy will help the changing company to retain intellectual capital, fostered client relationships, and business focus, which enables the company to operate in an effective manner. When companies merge or restructure, some employees may have to be laid off. According to Page (2006), layoffs should be properly handled to prevent negative impact to the employees who remain. This i s because remaining employees may feel insecure, angry, lonely or less productive when right procedures are not followed. For example, if meritocracy is not included in the layoff process, best performing employees will feel insecure because they can be retrenched anytime no matter their contribution. Human resource department develops and implements specific actions, appropriate timing, and responsibilities on how to keep best employees. Training and development The human resource management ensures that all the employees in the organization are equipped with the appropriate training and development. This enables organizations’ employees to develop confidence; the required skills and behavior which will assist them adjust to their new roles. Through this, all the employees will have proper tools to conduct the required changes in the organization as well as deliver and maintain all the changes successfully. When conducting training and development, all those in various manag erial levels should be equipped with proper leadership skills. Through this, they will be able to properly manage and motivate the teams assigned to them. In addition, they will be able to provide proper communication and guidance to their subordinates during the mergers and acquisitions. With proper training, the organization’s managers will be in a position to help their subordinates to understand they are part of the brand new company and culture. Employee performance management According to Watkins and Leigh (2009), performance management is appropriate for an organization which is large enough as to necessitate an effective means of evaluating its own employees. The human resource management after the mergers and acquisitions in an organization uses employee performance management system to support the overall organizational integration of employee evaluation. Through this, the management will also be able to improve on the level and quality of employee communication and overall productivity. The uniqueness of performance management is that it focuses on an organization specific needs and is flexible to change. The human resource management and performance management experts try to find out evaluation needs of various employees and they come up with specific scalable processes. These processes are coordinated with employee’s effort in order to measure performance accurately and ensure motivation is created. All this is

Role of Social Media in Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Social Media in Higher Education - Essay Example Social media also contains design applications that establish virtual social spaces encouraging interaction, in that way enhancing the appeal of the technology. There has been increased use of social media in higher education and this literature review gives an in-depth analysis of various scientific investigations. In this age where online sites including Facebook, Twitter, Live Journal, Instant Messenger, campus blogs and Web Shots, students in higher institutions of learning are using online sites as the major medium of communication. As anticipated, this medium of communication presents students with ethical decisions on acceptable behavior, self-disclosure, and social propriety. Owing to the fact that the extensive use of social media sites has posted numerous problems for students and administrators, the book seeks to give professional guidance to policymakers and higher education professionals. Online Social Networking on Campus: Understanding what matters in student culture is a certified guide for student affairs administrators and higher education facilities that carefully analyze the use of social media sites and their use to develop relations in the institutions and outside the institutions. More importantly, the book looks into how college students use social media sites to explore and establish their identities. The findings in this book are got from surveys, interviews, and data from focus groups. Furthermore, the text gives an ethnographic perspective on social networking that helps information technology administrators, student affairs administrators and members of the faculty get a better understanding of the use of college media among college students. Students in higher institutions of learning communicate using social media sites more than face-to-face communication.  

Mahatma Gandhi A Great Man In History History Essay

Mahatma Gandhi A Great Man In History History Essay Mahatma Gandhi is among the worlds greatest men. He was the most impactful and significant person in the history of India. He gave his life to make India independent through events such as the Jaliavala Bagh massacre, Simon commission, non cooperative movements, and the Dandi March. He even inspired the Civil Rights movement by Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States through his impact. He sacrificed his life what he believes for India. His full name was Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi. He was born on octombe2, 1869, in Porbandar, Saurashtra. KaramChand Gandhi was his father and Putalibai was his mother. His wife`s name was Kasturba. He studied in Rajkot and Bhavnagar. He was the youngest of four children in his family. Gandhi was a member of the Hindu religion which meant he wasn`t allowed to eat meat or drink wine. When he was young, his brothers offered him meat but he refused to try it which was the best decision Mohandas made. This action showed that even though Gandhi was small, he was responsible, respectful and loyal to his religion. Mahatma Gandhi gave up his clothes. Mohandas wore a loin cloth. Mohandas made the cloth himself. The photograph of Mohandas Gandhi at his spinning wheel is world famous. He works very hard, lived a peanuts and goats milk. Mohandas went on long fastest to purify himself. Mohandas spent many years in jail. Mohandas believed in truth and non-violence. Mohandas didnt hate any one. Mohand as followed his principals throughout his life. He also believed in simplicity and equality. Mohandas loved all. Mohandas had great faith in prayer and god. He served the poor. He was the greatest man of his time. People called him Mahatma. He was a national leader. A major role played by Mohandas in India`s freedom movement. (Feroz 2007; Gandhi 1948). The Indian classics, especially some of the story from Indian epics, such as Shravana and Maharaja Harish had a great impact on Gandhi in his child hood. The story of Harish Chandra, hunted Gandhi as a boy. Gandhi had admits in autobiography that it left a permanent impression on him. Gandhi said, that was hunted him and he must had acted Harish Chandra to himself. Gandhi was very brave and he made India free through peaceful ways. He did not fight on a battlefield, but it was a fight to free India. He showed the world that you can be very brave and peace-loving at the same time (Gandhi 1948). Mahatma Gandhi entered the scene of the Indian freedom struggle in 1919; with this the freedom struggle took a new turn. Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi was a lawyer who had been working in South Africa. There he had been leading the struggle of Indians and colored people against the white rulers. In South Africa the white people considered themselves superior to the colored people and treated them very badly (Gandhi 1948). After retuning, Ghandhiji went on a tour of India to find out the condition of the people. He found that Indians were very poor and being ill-treated by the British. Indian society was also suffering due to old obsolete practices like untouched ability. Women and social out castes were treated badly. Ghandhiji realized that all Indians would have to be united in their struggle against the British rulers. He wanted all social evils to be brought to an end along with foreign rule. In 1919 the British introduce new lows. Gandhi first requested the government not to introduce this when the government ignored his request; he started his silent protest movement. He asked the people not to obey these laws to show their disapproval, but they had to be non violent all the time. There was a massive response all over the country to Ghandhijis call. There were meetings and demonstrations (Prakash 2004 2005). JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE One such demonstration was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. About 20,000 men, women and children attended the meeting. Same British officers decided to stop the meeting. General Dyer, their leader, blocked the only gate of the park so that the people could not escape. Then he ordered his troops to fire, since the park was surrounded on all sides by the high walls of houses, the crowd was trapped. Guns blazed away, and people ran here and there but they could not escape. Hundreds were killed and thousand wounded. When news about this massacre spread everyone was shocked. The publics anger knew no bounds (Prakash 2004 2005). NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT Gandhijis answer to Jallianwala Bagh massacres was Satyagraha. This was the beginning of the Non-cooperation movement. Gandhi declared that the people would not cooperate with the government and would deliberately break laws. Thousands of students left schools and colleges. Many lawyers suspended their work. People made bonfires of foreign goods. People took to wear only thick, rough Khadi, thus doing away with the difference between the rich and the poor. Gandhi wanted the people to follow the principles of non-violence, but sometimes people could not control their anger and resorted to violence. After one such incident, when a group of people set fire to a police station, Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation movement (Andrews 1930). SIMON COMMISSION When the British saw the matter getting out of hand they appointed a commission to review the matter. The chairman of the commission was john Simon. As there were no Indian members, the people protested by holding demonstrations. Wherever the commission went, it was greeted with black flags. The British tried to stop the demonstrations through lathi charges and firing. Among the leaders who led the protests against the Simon Commission were Lala Lajapat Rai, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Saradar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Azad, Sarojini Naidu, Rajaji and Motilal Nehru (Fischer 1950; Gandhi 1948). DANDI MARCH The British had made the collection of salt from the sea cost an illegal act. Ghandhiji decided to walk to the sea cost and start his Satyagraha by breaking the salt laws. He wanted to draw attention to the fact that most Indians were so poor that they could not buy salt and pay the salt tax. He shared his march on 1 march 1930. He and his followers walked merely 300km. from his ashram at Sabarmati for over 25days. After arrival at Dandi, Ghandhiji collected water, heated it and made salt, thus breaking the law. He police arrested some people and beat up others. Ghandhiji wanted to raid a government salt go down but he was arrested. The leader ship of the salt movement then passed to Abbas Tyabji and on his arrest to Sarojini Naidu. All over India the new struggle too got in big way. Among the great leaders was khan Abdul gaffe in the northwest. The British tried to arrive at some settlement with the congress. Ghandhiji was called for meeting with the British after the meeting the co ngress decided to suspend the freedom movement till the Indian leaders held talks with the British government in London. The government in London released and allowed people to collect salt from the sea cost (Gandhi 1948). THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Under the leadership of Gandhi the Quit India movement was launched. The purpose of this was to set up series of non violent ways hopefully leading up to the long awaited Independence from this quotes by Gandhi We shall either free India or die in the attempt, we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery. The saying Do or Die soon became popular among the Indian people. This was a simple way of stating the way importance to regain independence. This movement got off to a rocky start because before congress could pass the movement the government. Government declared it illegal and arrested all off the major leader. As a result of this a series of revolts broke out in what was known as British Quit India. The middle class was especially active during the first few phases. But they were soon weakened by the harsh repression. The last difficult one characterized by communication, police and army installations. A man named Chandrasekhar Azad put together a campaign called Azad Hind Fauj which stood for Indian nations army. INA. His only slogan during the whole campaign was simply give me blood and Ill give you freedom. Many people of India joined in the INA to support the Indian soldiers. But sadly enough after the Japanese defeated them in 1945 they INA`s power and strength slowly declined from there. This was significant because India as a whole supported the INA with all their strength because they were the people standing up and protecting them. And one time when there was a military tribunal held against several INA officers and they were found guilty to severe punishment, the people of India became enraged. As a result of this the government cancelled their punishment. The government was strongly against the movement and their goal was to make sure it didn`t get out of hand. They did everything from arrested people to physically beating others. The supports of the movement were often shot at and sometimes every bomb blast from the sky. This was definitely one of the most brutal events that happened in India. The British people definitely came out on top and the remaining two and a half years remained unchanged politically wise until the day their independence was granted to them (Andrews 1930; Prakash 2005-2006). MARTIN LUTHER KING Martian Luther king was black American. Though Lincoln had abolished severely in 1862 blacks were still badly treated for example, black were not allowed to occupy a seat in public bus until the all whites had been seated Martin Luther king resisted all search practices in the united state. King meet many political and realizes leaders of the world finally he adopted the path of non-violence as son by mahatma Gandhi during his visited to India, he said I am not terrorist, I have come on pilgrimage to pay homage to the land of mahatma Gandhi such mahatma Gandhi was greatest man (Hakal 2008; Prakash 2004-2005). END OF LIFE A mad man Nathuram Godase killed him on January 30, 1848. When the Mahatma was murdered the whole world wept over his death. Like Thoreau Gandhi also insisted on the individual`s right to oppose governments, even governments at war. Democracy is hollow without the rights to dissent but fear and dissent don`t go together. For Gandhi the central evil of the modern world was materialism. It included both wealth and power. The state gathers brute force to destroy the spirit of freedom. This doesn`t mean that he was against wealth or power. He only taught certain values which would make man happy without material possessions. He advised to keep a thing if it provided inner help and comfort from anything. Nothing should be given up in a mood of self sacrifice or out of a strict sense of duty. This way a man might resign his post to be his own master, do his own work and grow. He detested shortening of time and distance and to run about the world to satisfy our wants. When Leon Blum heard about it he felt great personal loss. He called Ghandhiji an extraordinary man. It has been Mahatma Gandhis supreme faith that there is a nobler element in man which may be won over love. If the question is asked, what is the sum and substance of the charge which Mahatma Gandhi laid against the British government in India? It may be summed up in a single phrase. He charged them with the oppression of the poor. His political achievements were many but people paid tributes to his spiritual qualities and ethical qualities. His big contribution to modern civilizations is his life. Fisher rightly says: He was an Indian. WORK-CITED Andrews, C.F. Mahatma Gandhis Idias. New york: The Macmillan Company, 1930. Fischer, Louis. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. New york: Harper Brother, 1950. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. 1982. Gandhi my Father. Dir. Feroz Abbas Khan. Perf. Anil kapur. 2007. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. 1982. Hakala, David. The Top 10 Leadership Qualities. Leaders can be found and nurtured 19 March 2008: 5. M.K.Gandhi. The story of my experiments with truth. Washington,D.C: Public Affairs press, 1948. Raval, Prakash .Ravals Key to Easy English Prose. Patan (India): Raval Prakashan, 2002-2005.

Nightmare: Carnival and Read Laser Tag

Just A Nightmare Carnivals are places that you go to have fun, but sometimes these fun places can turn into your worst nightmares. It all began on a night out with my family. We were just out at the mall and when we were coming back home, we passed by a carnival. The carnival looked incredible so my family and I decided to go to the carnival and have some fun as well. We went to the carnival and it looked better up close. There were people and lights everywhere, but the carnival still had a hollow and chilly feeling to it. Wherever I went, I had the feeling that somebody was following me.My brothers and me went on a couple of rides and then I saw a huge sign that read ‘Laser Tag’. That’s when I suddenly got an awkward urge of playing Laser Tag. I told my father and he got a ticket for me. The line was really long and my father did not want to wait in line with me so I told him that I could wait in line all alone and he should come back after 30 minutes to get me. He agreed and left me waiting there. Again this time, I had the chilly feeling that somebody or something was watching me anxiously, waiting to strike. It was finally my turn.I went in with a group of twenty people dressed in laser tag jackets of four different team colors and black laser guns labeled with the same color as their jackets. I was in the yellow team. After all of us got ready, the laser tag employees let us into a dark black-walled maze. I ran away from everyone so I would not get tagged. I ran and ran until I reached a dead end. I looked around and saw a red-labeled jacket and gun making its way toward me. I got my gun ready to shoot whoever it was, but when I pressed on the gun to shoot, the sound it made sent shivers down my spine.It was the boom sound real guns made. I looked in front of me and the red-labeled person fell to the ground. I just stood there, unable to move. I was still trying to make sense of this whole thing and after about five minutes, I got to th e conclusion that I had just killed a person! I was a murderer! I ran, closing my eyes as I got close to the person I had just killed. I clutched the gun tightly in my shaking hands incase I came in contact with more trouble. I ran and ran. I saw other labeled people, but I did not dare lift up my gun. I have to find my way out was the only thing I could think.I saw light far away at the end of the caliginous path. As I got closer, I realized it was some kind of backdoor. I ran through it and now, once again, I was out in the free air, but this time, there was no body to be seen or heard. There was stillness everywhere. It seemed like not even a single leave was moving. I looked around cautiously once again and started to run. I had to get as far away from this place as possible. I ran like a maniac who had some running disease. I got to an empty parking lot. It looked like a ghost town. I saw a dumpster and hid behind it to catch my breath.I was taking long, constant breaths when I heard distant footsteps coming closer and closer. I stopped breathing and got my gun ready again. I did not know what happened to me, but I felt like a walking and talking killing machine. The footsteps started to turn into silent claps that got louder. The footsteps then turned around the corner and their owner was now facing me. He was not a normal person. He was a clown. He was wearing those bright, colorful jester clothes and big red clown shoes. I stood there frozen. I had been scared of clowns since forever, and now my worst nightmare had come alive. Good job on your first kill,† the clown said, laughing hysterically. He got a shiny silver dagger out of the oversized pocket of his jester clothes and brought it towards me. I pointed my gun at him and pressed, but instead of a bullet or boom sound, a laser came out. The clown laughed hysterically again and brought the dagger close to my neck. â€Å"Too bad it’s your last. † And that is when I opened my eyes. I was lying on by bed sweating badly. My heart was beating like a drum. I looked around myself, panicking. â€Å"It was just a nightmare,† I convinced myself. Just a nightmare†¦

Women Prime Ministers and Presidents 20th Century

How many women have served as Presidents or Prime Ministers in the 20th century? Included are women leaders of countries both large and small. Many names will be familiar; some will be unfamiliar to all but a few readers.  (Not included: women who became presidents or prime ministers after the year 2000.) Some were highly controversial; some were compromise candidates. Some presided over peace; others over war. Some were elected; some were appointed. Some served briefly; others were elected; one, though elected, was prevented from serving. Many followed into office their fathers or husbands; others were elected or appointed on their own reputations and political contributions. One even followed her mother into politics, and her mother served a third term as prime minister, filling the office left vacant when the daughter took office as president. Women Prime Minister and Presidents Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka (Ceylon)Her daughter became president of Sri Lanka in 1994 and appointed her mother to the more ceremonial office of prime minister. The office of president was created in 1988 and given many of the powers the prime minister had had when  Sirimavo Bandaranaike held the office.Prime Minister, 1960-1965, 1970-1977, 1994-2000. Sri Lanka Freedom Party.Indira Gandhi, IndiaPrime Minister, 1966-77, 1980-1984. Indian National Congress.Golda Meir, IsraelPrime Minister, 1969-1974. Labor Party.Isabel Martinez de Peron, ArgentinaPresident, 1974-1976. Justicialist.Elisabeth Domitien, Central African RepublicPrime Minister, 1975-1976.  Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa.Margaret Thatcher, Great BritainPrime Minister, 1979-1990. Conservative.Maria da Lourdes Pintasilgo, PortugalPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Socialist Party.Lidia Gueiler Tejada, BoliviaPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Revolutionary Left Front.Dame Eugenia Charles, DominicaPrime Minister, 19 80-1995. Freedom Party.Vigdà ­s Finnbogadà ³ttà ­r, IcelandPresident, 1980-96. Longest-serving female head of state in the 20th century.Gro Harlem Brundtland, NorwayPrime Minister, 1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1996. Labour Party.Soong Ching-Ling, Peoples Republic of ChinaHonorary President, 1981. Communist Party.Milka Planinc, YugoslaviaFederal Prime Minister, 1982-1986. League of Communists.Agatha Barbara, MaltaPresident, 1982-1987. Labour Party.Maria Liberia-Peters, Netherlands AntillesPrime Minister, 1984-1986, 1988-1993. National Peoples Party.Corazon Aquino, PhilippinesPresident, 1986-92. PDP-Laban.  Benazir Bhutto, PakistanPrime Minister, 1988-1990, 1993-1996. Pakistan Peoples Party.Kazimiera Danuta Prunskiena, LithuaniaPrime Minister, 1990-91. Peasant and Green Union.Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, NicaraguaPrime Minister, 1990-1996. National Opposition Union.Mary Robinson, IrelandPresident, 1990-1997. Independent.Ertha Pascal Trouillot, HaitiInterim President, 1990-1991. Independ ent.Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German Democratic RepublicPresident, 1990. Christian Democratic Union.Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma (Myanmar  )Her party, the National League for Democracy, won 80% of the seats in a democratic election in 1990, but the military government refused to recognize the results. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.Khaleda Zia, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1991-1996. Bangladesh Nationalist Party.Edith Cresson, FrancePrime Minister, 1991-1992. Socialist Party.Hanna Suchocka, PolandPrime Minister, 1992-1993. Democratic Union.Kim Campbell, CanadaPrime Minister, 1993. Progressive Conservative.Sylvie Kinigi, BurundiPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Union for National Progress.Agathe Uwilingiyimana, RwandaPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Republican Democratic Movement.Susanne Camelia-Romer, Netherlands Antilles (Curaà §ao)Prime Minister, 1993, 1998-1999. PNP.Tansu Çiller, TurkeyPrime Minister, 1993-1995. Democrat Party.Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunge, Sri LankaPrime Minis ter, 1994, President, 1994-2005Reneta Indzhova, BulgariaInterim Prime Minister, 1994-1995. Independent.Claudette Werleigh, HaitiPrime Minister, 1995-1996. PANPRA.Sheikh Hasina Wajed, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1996-2001, 2009-. Awami League.Mary McAleese, IrelandPresident, 1997-2011. Fianna Fail, Independent.Pamela Gordon, BermudaPremier, 1997-1998. United Bermuda Party.Janet Jagan, GuyanaPrime Minister, 1997, President, 1997-1999. Peoples Progressive Party.Jenny Shipley, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1997-1999. National Party.Ruth Dreifuss, SwitzerlandPresident, 1999-2000. Social Democratic Party.Jennifer M. Smith, BermudaPrime Minister, 1998-2003. Progressive Labour Party.Nyam-Osoriyn Tuyaa, MongoliaActing Prime Minister, July 1999. Democratic Party.Helen Clark, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1999-2008. Labour Party.Mireya Elisa Moscoso de Arias, PanamaPresident, 1999-2004. Arnulfista Party.Vaira Vike-Freiberga, LatviaPresident, 1999-2007. Independent.Tarja Kaarina Halonen, FinlandPreside nt, 2000-. Social Democratic Party. Ive included Halonen because the year 2000 is part of the 20th century. (The year 0 didnt exist, so a century starts with the year 1.) As the 21st century arrived, yet another was added: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo - President of the Philippines, sworn in on January 20, 2001. Mame Madior Boye became Prime Minister in Senegal in March of 2001. Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of founding head of state Sukarno, was selected as Indonesias fifth president in 2001 after losing in 1999. Ive limited the list above, however, to the history of women heads of state for the 20th century, and will not add anyone who took office after 2001 began. Text  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War

The Battle of Cannae took place during the Second Punic War (218-210 BC) between Rome and Carthage.  The battle occurred on August 2, 216 BC at Cannae in southeast Italy. Commanders and Armies Carthage Hannibal45,000-54,000 men Rome Gaius Terentius VarroLucius Aemilius Paullus54,000-87,000 men Background After the start of the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal boldly crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. Winning battles at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), Hannibal defeated armies led by  Tiberius Sempronius Longus and  Gaius Flaminius Nepos. In the wake of these victories, he moved south plundering the countryside and working to make Romes allies defect to Carthages side. Reeling from these defeats, Rome appointed Fabius Maximus to deal with the Carthaginian threat.  Avoiding direct contact with Hannibals army, Fabius struck at the enemys supply lines and practiced the form of attritional warfare that later bore his name. Unhappy with this indirect approach, the Senate did not renew Fabius dictatorial powers when his term ended and command passed to the consuls  Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Marcus Atilius Regulus.   In the spring of 216 BC, Hannibal seized the Roman supply depot at Cannae in southeast Italy. Situated on the Apulian Plain, this position allowed Hannibal to keep his men well fed. With Hannibal sitting astride Romes supply lines, the Roman Senate called for action. Raising an army of eight legions, the command was given to the Consuls Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus. The largest army ever assembled by Rome, this force advanced to face the Carthaginians. Marching south, the consuls found the enemy encamped on the left bank of the Aufidus River. As the situation developed, the Romans were hampered by an unwieldy command structure which required the two consuls to alternate command on a daily basis. Battle Preparations Approaching the Carthaginian camp on July 31, the Romans, with the aggressive Varro in command, defeated a small ambush set by Hannibals men. Though Varro was emboldened by the minor victory, command passed to the more conservative Paullus the next day. Unwilling to fight the Carthaginians on the open ground due to his armys smaller cavalry force, he elected to encamp two-thirds of the army east of the river while establishing a smaller camp on the opposite bank. The next day, aware that it would be Varros turn, Hannibal advanced his army and offered battle hoping the lure the reckless Roman forward.  Assessing the situation, Paullus successfully prevented his compatriot from engaging. Seeing that the Romans were unwilling to fight, Hannibal had his cavalry harass the Roman water-bearers and raid in the vicinity of Varro and Paullus camps.   Seeking battle on August 2, Varro and Paullus formed up their army for battle with their infantry densely packed in the center and the cavalry on the wings. The Consuls planned to use the infantry to quickly break the Carthaginian lines. Opposite, Hannibal placed his cavalry and most veteran infantry on the wings and his lighter infantry in the center. As the two sides advanced, Hannibals center moved forward, causing their line to bow in a crescent shape. On Hannibals left, his cavalry charged forward and routed the Roman horse. Rome Crushed To the right, Hannibals cavalry was engaged with that of Romes allies. Having destroyed their opposite number on the left, the Carthaginian cavalry rode behind the Roman army and assaulted the allied cavalry from the rear. Under attack from two directions, the allied cavalry fled the field. As the infantry began to engage, Hannibal had his center slowly retreat, while ordering the infantry on the wings to hold their position. The tightly packed Roman infantry continued to advance after the retreating Carthaginians, unaware of the trap that was about to be sprung. As the Romans were drawn in, Hannibal ordered the infantry on his wings to turn and attack the Roman flanks. This was coupled with a massive assault on the Roman rear by the Carthaginian cavalry, which completely surrounded the Consuls army. Trapped, the Romans became so compressed that many did not have space to raise their weapons. To speed the victory, Hannibal ordered his men to cut the hamstrings of each Roman and then move on to the next, commenting that the lamed could be slaughtered later at the Carthaginians leisure. The fighting continued until evening with approximately 600 Romans dying per minute. Casualties and Impact Various accounts of the Battle of Cannae show that 50,000-70,000 of the Romans, with 3,500-4,500 taken prisoner. It is known that approximately 14,000 were able to cut their way out and reach the town of Canusium. Hannibals army suffered around 6,000 killed and 10,000 wounded. Though encouraged by his officers to march on Rome, Hannibal resisted as he lacked the equipment and supplies for a major siege. While victorious at Cannae, Hannibal would ultimately be defeated at the Battle of Zama (202 BC), and Carthage would lose the Second Punic War.