Mahatma Gandhi A Great Man In History History Essay

Mahatma Gandhi A Great Man In History History Essay Mahatma Gandhi is among the worlds greatest men. He was the most impactful and significant person in the history of India. He gave his life to make India independent through events such as the Jaliavala Bagh massacre, Simon commission, non cooperative movements, and the Dandi March. He even inspired the Civil Rights movement by Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States through his impact. He sacrificed his life what he believes for India. His full name was Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi. He was born on octombe2, 1869, in Porbandar, Saurashtra. KaramChand Gandhi was his father and Putalibai was his mother. His wife`s name was Kasturba. He studied in Rajkot and Bhavnagar. He was the youngest of four children in his family. Gandhi was a member of the Hindu religion which meant he wasn`t allowed to eat meat or drink wine. When he was young, his brothers offered him meat but he refused to try it which was the best decision Mohandas made. This action showed that even though Gandhi was small, he was responsible, respectful and loyal to his religion. Mahatma Gandhi gave up his clothes. Mohandas wore a loin cloth. Mohandas made the cloth himself. The photograph of Mohandas Gandhi at his spinning wheel is world famous. He works very hard, lived a peanuts and goats milk. Mohandas went on long fastest to purify himself. Mohandas spent many years in jail. Mohandas believed in truth and non-violence. Mohandas didnt hate any one. Mohand as followed his principals throughout his life. He also believed in simplicity and equality. Mohandas loved all. Mohandas had great faith in prayer and god. He served the poor. He was the greatest man of his time. People called him Mahatma. He was a national leader. A major role played by Mohandas in India`s freedom movement. (Feroz 2007; Gandhi 1948). The Indian classics, especially some of the story from Indian epics, such as Shravana and Maharaja Harish had a great impact on Gandhi in his child hood. The story of Harish Chandra, hunted Gandhi as a boy. Gandhi had admits in autobiography that it left a permanent impression on him. Gandhi said, that was hunted him and he must had acted Harish Chandra to himself. Gandhi was very brave and he made India free through peaceful ways. He did not fight on a battlefield, but it was a fight to free India. He showed the world that you can be very brave and peace-loving at the same time (Gandhi 1948). Mahatma Gandhi entered the scene of the Indian freedom struggle in 1919; with this the freedom struggle took a new turn. Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi was a lawyer who had been working in South Africa. There he had been leading the struggle of Indians and colored people against the white rulers. In South Africa the white people considered themselves superior to the colored people and treated them very badly (Gandhi 1948). After retuning, Ghandhiji went on a tour of India to find out the condition of the people. He found that Indians were very poor and being ill-treated by the British. Indian society was also suffering due to old obsolete practices like untouched ability. Women and social out castes were treated badly. Ghandhiji realized that all Indians would have to be united in their struggle against the British rulers. He wanted all social evils to be brought to an end along with foreign rule. In 1919 the British introduce new lows. Gandhi first requested the government not to introduce this when the government ignored his request; he started his silent protest movement. He asked the people not to obey these laws to show their disapproval, but they had to be non violent all the time. There was a massive response all over the country to Ghandhijis call. There were meetings and demonstrations (Prakash 2004 2005). JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE One such demonstration was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. About 20,000 men, women and children attended the meeting. Same British officers decided to stop the meeting. General Dyer, their leader, blocked the only gate of the park so that the people could not escape. Then he ordered his troops to fire, since the park was surrounded on all sides by the high walls of houses, the crowd was trapped. Guns blazed away, and people ran here and there but they could not escape. Hundreds were killed and thousand wounded. When news about this massacre spread everyone was shocked. The publics anger knew no bounds (Prakash 2004 2005). NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT Gandhijis answer to Jallianwala Bagh massacres was Satyagraha. This was the beginning of the Non-cooperation movement. Gandhi declared that the people would not cooperate with the government and would deliberately break laws. Thousands of students left schools and colleges. Many lawyers suspended their work. People made bonfires of foreign goods. People took to wear only thick, rough Khadi, thus doing away with the difference between the rich and the poor. Gandhi wanted the people to follow the principles of non-violence, but sometimes people could not control their anger and resorted to violence. After one such incident, when a group of people set fire to a police station, Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation movement (Andrews 1930). SIMON COMMISSION When the British saw the matter getting out of hand they appointed a commission to review the matter. The chairman of the commission was john Simon. As there were no Indian members, the people protested by holding demonstrations. Wherever the commission went, it was greeted with black flags. The British tried to stop the demonstrations through lathi charges and firing. Among the leaders who led the protests against the Simon Commission were Lala Lajapat Rai, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Saradar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Azad, Sarojini Naidu, Rajaji and Motilal Nehru (Fischer 1950; Gandhi 1948). DANDI MARCH The British had made the collection of salt from the sea cost an illegal act. Ghandhiji decided to walk to the sea cost and start his Satyagraha by breaking the salt laws. He wanted to draw attention to the fact that most Indians were so poor that they could not buy salt and pay the salt tax. He shared his march on 1 march 1930. He and his followers walked merely 300km. from his ashram at Sabarmati for over 25days. After arrival at Dandi, Ghandhiji collected water, heated it and made salt, thus breaking the law. He police arrested some people and beat up others. Ghandhiji wanted to raid a government salt go down but he was arrested. The leader ship of the salt movement then passed to Abbas Tyabji and on his arrest to Sarojini Naidu. All over India the new struggle too got in big way. Among the great leaders was khan Abdul gaffe in the northwest. The British tried to arrive at some settlement with the congress. Ghandhiji was called for meeting with the British after the meeting the co ngress decided to suspend the freedom movement till the Indian leaders held talks with the British government in London. The government in London released and allowed people to collect salt from the sea cost (Gandhi 1948). THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Under the leadership of Gandhi the Quit India movement was launched. The purpose of this was to set up series of non violent ways hopefully leading up to the long awaited Independence from this quotes by Gandhi We shall either free India or die in the attempt, we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery. The saying Do or Die soon became popular among the Indian people. This was a simple way of stating the way importance to regain independence. This movement got off to a rocky start because before congress could pass the movement the government. Government declared it illegal and arrested all off the major leader. As a result of this a series of revolts broke out in what was known as British Quit India. The middle class was especially active during the first few phases. But they were soon weakened by the harsh repression. The last difficult one characterized by communication, police and army installations. A man named Chandrasekhar Azad put together a campaign called Azad Hind Fauj which stood for Indian nations army. INA. His only slogan during the whole campaign was simply give me blood and Ill give you freedom. Many people of India joined in the INA to support the Indian soldiers. But sadly enough after the Japanese defeated them in 1945 they INA`s power and strength slowly declined from there. This was significant because India as a whole supported the INA with all their strength because they were the people standing up and protecting them. And one time when there was a military tribunal held against several INA officers and they were found guilty to severe punishment, the people of India became enraged. As a result of this the government cancelled their punishment. The government was strongly against the movement and their goal was to make sure it didn`t get out of hand. They did everything from arrested people to physically beating others. The supports of the movement were often shot at and sometimes every bomb blast from the sky. This was definitely one of the most brutal events that happened in India. The British people definitely came out on top and the remaining two and a half years remained unchanged politically wise until the day their independence was granted to them (Andrews 1930; Prakash 2005-2006). MARTIN LUTHER KING Martian Luther king was black American. Though Lincoln had abolished severely in 1862 blacks were still badly treated for example, black were not allowed to occupy a seat in public bus until the all whites had been seated Martin Luther king resisted all search practices in the united state. King meet many political and realizes leaders of the world finally he adopted the path of non-violence as son by mahatma Gandhi during his visited to India, he said I am not terrorist, I have come on pilgrimage to pay homage to the land of mahatma Gandhi such mahatma Gandhi was greatest man (Hakal 2008; Prakash 2004-2005). END OF LIFE A mad man Nathuram Godase killed him on January 30, 1848. When the Mahatma was murdered the whole world wept over his death. Like Thoreau Gandhi also insisted on the individual`s right to oppose governments, even governments at war. Democracy is hollow without the rights to dissent but fear and dissent don`t go together. For Gandhi the central evil of the modern world was materialism. It included both wealth and power. The state gathers brute force to destroy the spirit of freedom. This doesn`t mean that he was against wealth or power. He only taught certain values which would make man happy without material possessions. He advised to keep a thing if it provided inner help and comfort from anything. Nothing should be given up in a mood of self sacrifice or out of a strict sense of duty. This way a man might resign his post to be his own master, do his own work and grow. He detested shortening of time and distance and to run about the world to satisfy our wants. When Leon Blum heard about it he felt great personal loss. He called Ghandhiji an extraordinary man. It has been Mahatma Gandhis supreme faith that there is a nobler element in man which may be won over love. If the question is asked, what is the sum and substance of the charge which Mahatma Gandhi laid against the British government in India? It may be summed up in a single phrase. He charged them with the oppression of the poor. His political achievements were many but people paid tributes to his spiritual qualities and ethical qualities. His big contribution to modern civilizations is his life. Fisher rightly says: He was an Indian. WORK-CITED Andrews, C.F. Mahatma Gandhis Idias. New york: The Macmillan Company, 1930. Fischer, Louis. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. New york: Harper Brother, 1950. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. 1982. Gandhi my Father. Dir. Feroz Abbas Khan. Perf. Anil kapur. 2007. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. 1982. Hakala, David. The Top 10 Leadership Qualities. Leaders can be found and nurtured 19 March 2008: 5. M.K.Gandhi. The story of my experiments with truth. Washington,D.C: Public Affairs press, 1948. Raval, Prakash .Ravals Key to Easy English Prose. Patan (India): Raval Prakashan, 2002-2005.

Nightmare: Carnival and Read Laser Tag

Just A Nightmare Carnivals are places that you go to have fun, but sometimes these fun places can turn into your worst nightmares. It all began on a night out with my family. We were just out at the mall and when we were coming back home, we passed by a carnival. The carnival looked incredible so my family and I decided to go to the carnival and have some fun as well. We went to the carnival and it looked better up close. There were people and lights everywhere, but the carnival still had a hollow and chilly feeling to it. Wherever I went, I had the feeling that somebody was following me.My brothers and me went on a couple of rides and then I saw a huge sign that read ‘Laser Tag’. That’s when I suddenly got an awkward urge of playing Laser Tag. I told my father and he got a ticket for me. The line was really long and my father did not want to wait in line with me so I told him that I could wait in line all alone and he should come back after 30 minutes to get me. He agreed and left me waiting there. Again this time, I had the chilly feeling that somebody or something was watching me anxiously, waiting to strike. It was finally my turn.I went in with a group of twenty people dressed in laser tag jackets of four different team colors and black laser guns labeled with the same color as their jackets. I was in the yellow team. After all of us got ready, the laser tag employees let us into a dark black-walled maze. I ran away from everyone so I would not get tagged. I ran and ran until I reached a dead end. I looked around and saw a red-labeled jacket and gun making its way toward me. I got my gun ready to shoot whoever it was, but when I pressed on the gun to shoot, the sound it made sent shivers down my spine.It was the boom sound real guns made. I looked in front of me and the red-labeled person fell to the ground. I just stood there, unable to move. I was still trying to make sense of this whole thing and after about five minutes, I got to th e conclusion that I had just killed a person! I was a murderer! I ran, closing my eyes as I got close to the person I had just killed. I clutched the gun tightly in my shaking hands incase I came in contact with more trouble. I ran and ran. I saw other labeled people, but I did not dare lift up my gun. I have to find my way out was the only thing I could think.I saw light far away at the end of the caliginous path. As I got closer, I realized it was some kind of backdoor. I ran through it and now, once again, I was out in the free air, but this time, there was no body to be seen or heard. There was stillness everywhere. It seemed like not even a single leave was moving. I looked around cautiously once again and started to run. I had to get as far away from this place as possible. I ran like a maniac who had some running disease. I got to an empty parking lot. It looked like a ghost town. I saw a dumpster and hid behind it to catch my breath.I was taking long, constant breaths when I heard distant footsteps coming closer and closer. I stopped breathing and got my gun ready again. I did not know what happened to me, but I felt like a walking and talking killing machine. The footsteps started to turn into silent claps that got louder. The footsteps then turned around the corner and their owner was now facing me. He was not a normal person. He was a clown. He was wearing those bright, colorful jester clothes and big red clown shoes. I stood there frozen. I had been scared of clowns since forever, and now my worst nightmare had come alive. Good job on your first kill,† the clown said, laughing hysterically. He got a shiny silver dagger out of the oversized pocket of his jester clothes and brought it towards me. I pointed my gun at him and pressed, but instead of a bullet or boom sound, a laser came out. The clown laughed hysterically again and brought the dagger close to my neck. â€Å"Too bad it’s your last. † And that is when I opened my eyes. I was lying on by bed sweating badly. My heart was beating like a drum. I looked around myself, panicking. â€Å"It was just a nightmare,† I convinced myself. Just a nightmare†¦

Women Prime Ministers and Presidents 20th Century

How many women have served as Presidents or Prime Ministers in the 20th century? Included are women leaders of countries both large and small. Many names will be familiar; some will be unfamiliar to all but a few readers.  (Not included: women who became presidents or prime ministers after the year 2000.) Some were highly controversial; some were compromise candidates. Some presided over peace; others over war. Some were elected; some were appointed. Some served briefly; others were elected; one, though elected, was prevented from serving. Many followed into office their fathers or husbands; others were elected or appointed on their own reputations and political contributions. One even followed her mother into politics, and her mother served a third term as prime minister, filling the office left vacant when the daughter took office as president. Women Prime Minister and Presidents Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka (Ceylon)Her daughter became president of Sri Lanka in 1994 and appointed her mother to the more ceremonial office of prime minister. The office of president was created in 1988 and given many of the powers the prime minister had had when  Sirimavo Bandaranaike held the office.Prime Minister, 1960-1965, 1970-1977, 1994-2000. Sri Lanka Freedom Party.Indira Gandhi, IndiaPrime Minister, 1966-77, 1980-1984. Indian National Congress.Golda Meir, IsraelPrime Minister, 1969-1974. Labor Party.Isabel Martinez de Peron, ArgentinaPresident, 1974-1976. Justicialist.Elisabeth Domitien, Central African RepublicPrime Minister, 1975-1976.  Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa.Margaret Thatcher, Great BritainPrime Minister, 1979-1990. Conservative.Maria da Lourdes Pintasilgo, PortugalPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Socialist Party.Lidia Gueiler Tejada, BoliviaPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Revolutionary Left Front.Dame Eugenia Charles, DominicaPrime Minister, 19 80-1995. Freedom Party.Vigdà ­s Finnbogadà ³ttà ­r, IcelandPresident, 1980-96. Longest-serving female head of state in the 20th century.Gro Harlem Brundtland, NorwayPrime Minister, 1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1996. Labour Party.Soong Ching-Ling, Peoples Republic of ChinaHonorary President, 1981. Communist Party.Milka Planinc, YugoslaviaFederal Prime Minister, 1982-1986. League of Communists.Agatha Barbara, MaltaPresident, 1982-1987. Labour Party.Maria Liberia-Peters, Netherlands AntillesPrime Minister, 1984-1986, 1988-1993. National Peoples Party.Corazon Aquino, PhilippinesPresident, 1986-92. PDP-Laban.  Benazir Bhutto, PakistanPrime Minister, 1988-1990, 1993-1996. Pakistan Peoples Party.Kazimiera Danuta Prunskiena, LithuaniaPrime Minister, 1990-91. Peasant and Green Union.Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, NicaraguaPrime Minister, 1990-1996. National Opposition Union.Mary Robinson, IrelandPresident, 1990-1997. Independent.Ertha Pascal Trouillot, HaitiInterim President, 1990-1991. Independ ent.Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German Democratic RepublicPresident, 1990. Christian Democratic Union.Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma (Myanmar  )Her party, the National League for Democracy, won 80% of the seats in a democratic election in 1990, but the military government refused to recognize the results. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.Khaleda Zia, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1991-1996. Bangladesh Nationalist Party.Edith Cresson, FrancePrime Minister, 1991-1992. Socialist Party.Hanna Suchocka, PolandPrime Minister, 1992-1993. Democratic Union.Kim Campbell, CanadaPrime Minister, 1993. Progressive Conservative.Sylvie Kinigi, BurundiPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Union for National Progress.Agathe Uwilingiyimana, RwandaPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Republican Democratic Movement.Susanne Camelia-Romer, Netherlands Antilles (Curaà §ao)Prime Minister, 1993, 1998-1999. PNP.Tansu Çiller, TurkeyPrime Minister, 1993-1995. Democrat Party.Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunge, Sri LankaPrime Minis ter, 1994, President, 1994-2005Reneta Indzhova, BulgariaInterim Prime Minister, 1994-1995. Independent.Claudette Werleigh, HaitiPrime Minister, 1995-1996. PANPRA.Sheikh Hasina Wajed, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1996-2001, 2009-. Awami League.Mary McAleese, IrelandPresident, 1997-2011. Fianna Fail, Independent.Pamela Gordon, BermudaPremier, 1997-1998. United Bermuda Party.Janet Jagan, GuyanaPrime Minister, 1997, President, 1997-1999. Peoples Progressive Party.Jenny Shipley, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1997-1999. National Party.Ruth Dreifuss, SwitzerlandPresident, 1999-2000. Social Democratic Party.Jennifer M. Smith, BermudaPrime Minister, 1998-2003. Progressive Labour Party.Nyam-Osoriyn Tuyaa, MongoliaActing Prime Minister, July 1999. Democratic Party.Helen Clark, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1999-2008. Labour Party.Mireya Elisa Moscoso de Arias, PanamaPresident, 1999-2004. Arnulfista Party.Vaira Vike-Freiberga, LatviaPresident, 1999-2007. Independent.Tarja Kaarina Halonen, FinlandPreside nt, 2000-. Social Democratic Party. Ive included Halonen because the year 2000 is part of the 20th century. (The year 0 didnt exist, so a century starts with the year 1.) As the 21st century arrived, yet another was added: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo - President of the Philippines, sworn in on January 20, 2001. Mame Madior Boye became Prime Minister in Senegal in March of 2001. Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of founding head of state Sukarno, was selected as Indonesias fifth president in 2001 after losing in 1999. Ive limited the list above, however, to the history of women heads of state for the 20th century, and will not add anyone who took office after 2001 began. Text  © Jone Johnson Lewis.

Battle of Cannae in the Second Punic War

The Battle of Cannae took place during the Second Punic War (218-210 BC) between Rome and Carthage.  The battle occurred on August 2, 216 BC at Cannae in southeast Italy. Commanders and Armies Carthage Hannibal45,000-54,000 men Rome Gaius Terentius VarroLucius Aemilius Paullus54,000-87,000 men Background After the start of the Second Punic War, the Carthaginian general Hannibal boldly crossed the Alps and invaded Italy. Winning battles at Trebia (218 BC) and Lake Trasimene (217 BC), Hannibal defeated armies led by  Tiberius Sempronius Longus and  Gaius Flaminius Nepos. In the wake of these victories, he moved south plundering the countryside and working to make Romes allies defect to Carthages side. Reeling from these defeats, Rome appointed Fabius Maximus to deal with the Carthaginian threat.  Avoiding direct contact with Hannibals army, Fabius struck at the enemys supply lines and practiced the form of attritional warfare that later bore his name. Unhappy with this indirect approach, the Senate did not renew Fabius dictatorial powers when his term ended and command passed to the consuls  Gnaeus Servilius Geminus and Marcus Atilius Regulus.   In the spring of 216 BC, Hannibal seized the Roman supply depot at Cannae in southeast Italy. Situated on the Apulian Plain, this position allowed Hannibal to keep his men well fed. With Hannibal sitting astride Romes supply lines, the Roman Senate called for action. Raising an army of eight legions, the command was given to the Consuls Gaius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus. The largest army ever assembled by Rome, this force advanced to face the Carthaginians. Marching south, the consuls found the enemy encamped on the left bank of the Aufidus River. As the situation developed, the Romans were hampered by an unwieldy command structure which required the two consuls to alternate command on a daily basis. Battle Preparations Approaching the Carthaginian camp on July 31, the Romans, with the aggressive Varro in command, defeated a small ambush set by Hannibals men. Though Varro was emboldened by the minor victory, command passed to the more conservative Paullus the next day. Unwilling to fight the Carthaginians on the open ground due to his armys smaller cavalry force, he elected to encamp two-thirds of the army east of the river while establishing a smaller camp on the opposite bank. The next day, aware that it would be Varros turn, Hannibal advanced his army and offered battle hoping the lure the reckless Roman forward.  Assessing the situation, Paullus successfully prevented his compatriot from engaging. Seeing that the Romans were unwilling to fight, Hannibal had his cavalry harass the Roman water-bearers and raid in the vicinity of Varro and Paullus camps.   Seeking battle on August 2, Varro and Paullus formed up their army for battle with their infantry densely packed in the center and the cavalry on the wings. The Consuls planned to use the infantry to quickly break the Carthaginian lines. Opposite, Hannibal placed his cavalry and most veteran infantry on the wings and his lighter infantry in the center. As the two sides advanced, Hannibals center moved forward, causing their line to bow in a crescent shape. On Hannibals left, his cavalry charged forward and routed the Roman horse. Rome Crushed To the right, Hannibals cavalry was engaged with that of Romes allies. Having destroyed their opposite number on the left, the Carthaginian cavalry rode behind the Roman army and assaulted the allied cavalry from the rear. Under attack from two directions, the allied cavalry fled the field. As the infantry began to engage, Hannibal had his center slowly retreat, while ordering the infantry on the wings to hold their position. The tightly packed Roman infantry continued to advance after the retreating Carthaginians, unaware of the trap that was about to be sprung. As the Romans were drawn in, Hannibal ordered the infantry on his wings to turn and attack the Roman flanks. This was coupled with a massive assault on the Roman rear by the Carthaginian cavalry, which completely surrounded the Consuls army. Trapped, the Romans became so compressed that many did not have space to raise their weapons. To speed the victory, Hannibal ordered his men to cut the hamstrings of each Roman and then move on to the next, commenting that the lamed could be slaughtered later at the Carthaginians leisure. The fighting continued until evening with approximately 600 Romans dying per minute. Casualties and Impact Various accounts of the Battle of Cannae show that 50,000-70,000 of the Romans, with 3,500-4,500 taken prisoner. It is known that approximately 14,000 were able to cut their way out and reach the town of Canusium. Hannibals army suffered around 6,000 killed and 10,000 wounded. Though encouraged by his officers to march on Rome, Hannibal resisted as he lacked the equipment and supplies for a major siege. While victorious at Cannae, Hannibal would ultimately be defeated at the Battle of Zama (202 BC), and Carthage would lose the Second Punic War.