Prime Minister and the President essays

Prime Minister and the President essays There are two offices separated by 3674 miles, which have served as vital roles on the world stage over the past three centuries. One office represents a culture that drinks tea at four oclock and fishnchips, while the other represents a culture that watches 300-pound men push each other around every Sunday and cheeseburgers. One office has been around for 281 years and the other for 226 years. Both of these offices are given an immense amount of respect throughout the world. Nevertheless, these offices cannot run their own government; they have to work with the House of Commons and the Congress. These two offices are the Prime Minister of Great Britain and the President of the United States of America. The Prime Ministry started in 1721, when Sir Robert Walpole worked at 10 Downing Street- Great Britains equivalent to the White House. Eventually he was dubbed with the title of Prime Minister, and Great Britain had a head to its government. Ever since Walpoles stay in office, there has been a Prime Minister working out of 10 Downing Street. Many of the Prime Ministers have noble decent, serving as Earls, Dukes, or Lords. Currently, the Prime Minister of Great Britain is Tony Blair. He has continued Thatchers policies of privatization, but he took it to an extreme level. With his commitment to public ownership, his party received a new name, New Labour. He was originally elected in 1997, and re-elected in 2001 in a landslide. Although, many of the people in Great Britain are beginning to lose faith in Blair, there has yet to be a no confidence vote. One of the most interesting interactions within the British Government is Question Time. This is a practice of questioning Prime Ministers in Parliament extending back to the late seventeenth or early eighteenth century. Today, it is an important way for Parliament Members to hold the Prime Minister accountable for their legislation and their party...

Fascinating Facts About Arctic Bearded Seal

Fascinating Facts About Arctic Bearded Seal The bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus) gets its name from its thick, light-colored whiskers, which resemble a beard. These ice seals live in Arctic waters, often on or near floating ice. Bearded seals are 7-8 feet long and weigh 575-800 pounds. Females are larger than males. Bearded seals have a small head, short snout, and square flippers. Their large body has a dark gray or brown coat that may have dark spots or rings. These seals live on or under the ice. They may even sleep in the water, with their heads at the surface so that they can breathe. When under the ice, they breathe through breathing holes, which they may form by pushing their heads through thin ice. Unlike ringed seals, bearded seals dont seem to maintain their breathing holes for long periods. When bearded seals rest on the ice, they lay near the edge, facing down so that they can quickly escape a predator. Classification Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: ChordataClass: MammaliaOrder: CarnivoraFamily: PhocidaeGenus: ErignathusSpecies: Barbatus Habitat and Distribution Bearded seals live in cold, icy regions in the Arctic, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans. They are solitary animals who haul out on ice floes. They may also be found under the ice, but need to come up to the surface and breathe through breathing holes. They live in areas where the water is less than 650 feet deep. Feeding Bearded seals eat fish (e.g., Arctic cod), cephalopods (octopus), and crustaceans (shrimp and crab), and clams. They hunt near the ocean bottom, using their whiskers (vibrissae) to help find food. Reproduction Female bearded seals are sexually mature at around 5 years, while males become sexually mature at 6-7 years. From March to June, males vocalize. When they vocalize, the males dive in a spiral underwater, releasing bubbles as they go, which creates a circle. They surface in the center of the circle. They make a variety of sounds - trills, ascents, sweeps, and moans. Individual males have unique vocalizations, and some males are very territorial, while others may roam. The sounds are thought to be used to advertise their fitness to potential mates and have only been heard during the breeding season. Mating occurs in spring. Females give birth to a pup about 4 feet long in length and 75 pounds in weight the following spring. The total gestation period is about 11 months. Pups are born with a soft fur called lanugo. This fur is grayish-brown and is shed after about a month. Pups nurse their mothers rich, fatty milk for about 2-4 weeks, and then must fend for themselves. The life span of bearded seals is thought to be about 25-30 years. Conservation and Predators Bearded seals are listed as least concern on the IUCN Red List. Natural predators of bearded seals include polar bears (their main natural predators), killer whales (orcas), walruses and Greenland sharks. Human-caused threats include hunting (by native hunters), pollution, oil exploration and (potentially) oil spills, increased human noise, coastal development, and climate change. These seals use the ice for breeding, molting, and resting, so they are a species thought to be very vulnerable to global warming. In December 2012, two population segments (the Beringia and Okhotsk population segments) were listed under the Endangered Species Act. NOAA said that the listing was due to the likelihood of a significant decrease in sea ice later this century. References and Further Reading Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Bearded Seal. Accessed January 31, 2013.ARKive. Bearded Seal. Accessed January 31, 2013.Berta, A.; Churchill, M. 2012. Erignathus barbatus (Erxleben, 1777). Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species, January 31, 2013.Discovery of Sound in the Sea. Bearded Seal. Accessed January 31, 2013.Kovacs, K. Lowry, L. (IUCN SSC Pinniped Specialist Group) 2008. Erignathus barbatus. In: IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.2. Accessed January 31, 2013.NOAA Fisheries: Office of Protected Resources. Bearded Seal Accessed January 31, 2013.

Strategic Management Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Strategic Management - Research Paper Example The human resource management plays a major role during mergers and acquisitions in conducting the following functional responsibilities. Recruitment and retention Change in an organization is normally accompanied by uncertainty. During this period, outside forces which includes recruiters and competitors can take advantage and take the best employees when the company needs them most. The human resources management will help the company come up with and implement recruitment and retention strategy. This will help in identifying and retaining employees with skills which are crucial to the company. Retention strategy will help the changing company to retain intellectual capital, fostered client relationships, and business focus, which enables the company to operate in an effective manner. When companies merge or restructure, some employees may have to be laid off. According to Page (2006), layoffs should be properly handled to prevent negative impact to the employees who remain. This i s because remaining employees may feel insecure, angry, lonely or less productive when right procedures are not followed. For example, if meritocracy is not included in the layoff process, best performing employees will feel insecure because they can be retrenched anytime no matter their contribution. Human resource department develops and implements specific actions, appropriate timing, and responsibilities on how to keep best employees. Training and development The human resource management ensures that all the employees in the organization are equipped with the appropriate training and development. This enables organizations’ employees to develop confidence; the required skills and behavior which will assist them adjust to their new roles. Through this, all the employees will have proper tools to conduct the required changes in the organization as well as deliver and maintain all the changes successfully. When conducting training and development, all those in various manag erial levels should be equipped with proper leadership skills. Through this, they will be able to properly manage and motivate the teams assigned to them. In addition, they will be able to provide proper communication and guidance to their subordinates during the mergers and acquisitions. With proper training, the organization’s managers will be in a position to help their subordinates to understand they are part of the brand new company and culture. Employee performance management According to Watkins and Leigh (2009), performance management is appropriate for an organization which is large enough as to necessitate an effective means of evaluating its own employees. The human resource management after the mergers and acquisitions in an organization uses employee performance management system to support the overall organizational integration of employee evaluation. Through this, the management will also be able to improve on the level and quality of employee communication and overall productivity. The uniqueness of performance management is that it focuses on an organization specific needs and is flexible to change. The human resource management and performance management experts try to find out evaluation needs of various employees and they come up with specific scalable processes. These processes are coordinated with employee’s effort in order to measure performance accurately and ensure motivation is created. All this is

Role of Social Media in Higher Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of Social Media in Higher Education - Essay Example Social media also contains design applications that establish virtual social spaces encouraging interaction, in that way enhancing the appeal of the technology. There has been increased use of social media in higher education and this literature review gives an in-depth analysis of various scientific investigations. In this age where online sites including Facebook, Twitter, Live Journal, Instant Messenger, campus blogs and Web Shots, students in higher institutions of learning are using online sites as the major medium of communication. As anticipated, this medium of communication presents students with ethical decisions on acceptable behavior, self-disclosure, and social propriety. Owing to the fact that the extensive use of social media sites has posted numerous problems for students and administrators, the book seeks to give professional guidance to policymakers and higher education professionals. Online Social Networking on Campus: Understanding what matters in student culture is a certified guide for student affairs administrators and higher education facilities that carefully analyze the use of social media sites and their use to develop relations in the institutions and outside the institutions. More importantly, the book looks into how college students use social media sites to explore and establish their identities. The findings in this book are got from surveys, interviews, and data from focus groups. Furthermore, the text gives an ethnographic perspective on social networking that helps information technology administrators, student affairs administrators and members of the faculty get a better understanding of the use of college media among college students. Students in higher institutions of learning communicate using social media sites more than face-to-face communication.  

Mahatma Gandhi A Great Man In History History Essay

Mahatma Gandhi A Great Man In History History Essay Mahatma Gandhi is among the worlds greatest men. He was the most impactful and significant person in the history of India. He gave his life to make India independent through events such as the Jaliavala Bagh massacre, Simon commission, non cooperative movements, and the Dandi March. He even inspired the Civil Rights movement by Martin Luther King Jr. in the United States through his impact. He sacrificed his life what he believes for India. His full name was Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi. He was born on octombe2, 1869, in Porbandar, Saurashtra. KaramChand Gandhi was his father and Putalibai was his mother. His wife`s name was Kasturba. He studied in Rajkot and Bhavnagar. He was the youngest of four children in his family. Gandhi was a member of the Hindu religion which meant he wasn`t allowed to eat meat or drink wine. When he was young, his brothers offered him meat but he refused to try it which was the best decision Mohandas made. This action showed that even though Gandhi was small, he was responsible, respectful and loyal to his religion. Mahatma Gandhi gave up his clothes. Mohandas wore a loin cloth. Mohandas made the cloth himself. The photograph of Mohandas Gandhi at his spinning wheel is world famous. He works very hard, lived a peanuts and goats milk. Mohandas went on long fastest to purify himself. Mohandas spent many years in jail. Mohandas believed in truth and non-violence. Mohandas didnt hate any one. Mohand as followed his principals throughout his life. He also believed in simplicity and equality. Mohandas loved all. Mohandas had great faith in prayer and god. He served the poor. He was the greatest man of his time. People called him Mahatma. He was a national leader. A major role played by Mohandas in India`s freedom movement. (Feroz 2007; Gandhi 1948). The Indian classics, especially some of the story from Indian epics, such as Shravana and Maharaja Harish had a great impact on Gandhi in his child hood. The story of Harish Chandra, hunted Gandhi as a boy. Gandhi had admits in autobiography that it left a permanent impression on him. Gandhi said, that was hunted him and he must had acted Harish Chandra to himself. Gandhi was very brave and he made India free through peaceful ways. He did not fight on a battlefield, but it was a fight to free India. He showed the world that you can be very brave and peace-loving at the same time (Gandhi 1948). Mahatma Gandhi entered the scene of the Indian freedom struggle in 1919; with this the freedom struggle took a new turn. Mohandas KaramChand Gandhi was a lawyer who had been working in South Africa. There he had been leading the struggle of Indians and colored people against the white rulers. In South Africa the white people considered themselves superior to the colored people and treated them very badly (Gandhi 1948). After retuning, Ghandhiji went on a tour of India to find out the condition of the people. He found that Indians were very poor and being ill-treated by the British. Indian society was also suffering due to old obsolete practices like untouched ability. Women and social out castes were treated badly. Ghandhiji realized that all Indians would have to be united in their struggle against the British rulers. He wanted all social evils to be brought to an end along with foreign rule. In 1919 the British introduce new lows. Gandhi first requested the government not to introduce this when the government ignored his request; he started his silent protest movement. He asked the people not to obey these laws to show their disapproval, but they had to be non violent all the time. There was a massive response all over the country to Ghandhijis call. There were meetings and demonstrations (Prakash 2004 2005). JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE One such demonstration was held at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar. About 20,000 men, women and children attended the meeting. Same British officers decided to stop the meeting. General Dyer, their leader, blocked the only gate of the park so that the people could not escape. Then he ordered his troops to fire, since the park was surrounded on all sides by the high walls of houses, the crowd was trapped. Guns blazed away, and people ran here and there but they could not escape. Hundreds were killed and thousand wounded. When news about this massacre spread everyone was shocked. The publics anger knew no bounds (Prakash 2004 2005). NON- COOPERATION MOVEMENT Gandhijis answer to Jallianwala Bagh massacres was Satyagraha. This was the beginning of the Non-cooperation movement. Gandhi declared that the people would not cooperate with the government and would deliberately break laws. Thousands of students left schools and colleges. Many lawyers suspended their work. People made bonfires of foreign goods. People took to wear only thick, rough Khadi, thus doing away with the difference between the rich and the poor. Gandhi wanted the people to follow the principles of non-violence, but sometimes people could not control their anger and resorted to violence. After one such incident, when a group of people set fire to a police station, Gandhi called off the Non-cooperation movement (Andrews 1930). SIMON COMMISSION When the British saw the matter getting out of hand they appointed a commission to review the matter. The chairman of the commission was john Simon. As there were no Indian members, the people protested by holding demonstrations. Wherever the commission went, it was greeted with black flags. The British tried to stop the demonstrations through lathi charges and firing. Among the leaders who led the protests against the Simon Commission were Lala Lajapat Rai, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Saradar Vallabhbhai Patel, Maulana Azad, Sarojini Naidu, Rajaji and Motilal Nehru (Fischer 1950; Gandhi 1948). DANDI MARCH The British had made the collection of salt from the sea cost an illegal act. Ghandhiji decided to walk to the sea cost and start his Satyagraha by breaking the salt laws. He wanted to draw attention to the fact that most Indians were so poor that they could not buy salt and pay the salt tax. He shared his march on 1 march 1930. He and his followers walked merely 300km. from his ashram at Sabarmati for over 25days. After arrival at Dandi, Ghandhiji collected water, heated it and made salt, thus breaking the law. He police arrested some people and beat up others. Ghandhiji wanted to raid a government salt go down but he was arrested. The leader ship of the salt movement then passed to Abbas Tyabji and on his arrest to Sarojini Naidu. All over India the new struggle too got in big way. Among the great leaders was khan Abdul gaffe in the northwest. The British tried to arrive at some settlement with the congress. Ghandhiji was called for meeting with the British after the meeting the co ngress decided to suspend the freedom movement till the Indian leaders held talks with the British government in London. The government in London released and allowed people to collect salt from the sea cost (Gandhi 1948). THE QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT Under the leadership of Gandhi the Quit India movement was launched. The purpose of this was to set up series of non violent ways hopefully leading up to the long awaited Independence from this quotes by Gandhi We shall either free India or die in the attempt, we shall not live to see the perpetuation of our slavery. The saying Do or Die soon became popular among the Indian people. This was a simple way of stating the way importance to regain independence. This movement got off to a rocky start because before congress could pass the movement the government. Government declared it illegal and arrested all off the major leader. As a result of this a series of revolts broke out in what was known as British Quit India. The middle class was especially active during the first few phases. But they were soon weakened by the harsh repression. The last difficult one characterized by communication, police and army installations. A man named Chandrasekhar Azad put together a campaign called Azad Hind Fauj which stood for Indian nations army. INA. His only slogan during the whole campaign was simply give me blood and Ill give you freedom. Many people of India joined in the INA to support the Indian soldiers. But sadly enough after the Japanese defeated them in 1945 they INA`s power and strength slowly declined from there. This was significant because India as a whole supported the INA with all their strength because they were the people standing up and protecting them. And one time when there was a military tribunal held against several INA officers and they were found guilty to severe punishment, the people of India became enraged. As a result of this the government cancelled their punishment. The government was strongly against the movement and their goal was to make sure it didn`t get out of hand. They did everything from arrested people to physically beating others. The supports of the movement were often shot at and sometimes every bomb blast from the sky. This was definitely one of the most brutal events that happened in India. The British people definitely came out on top and the remaining two and a half years remained unchanged politically wise until the day their independence was granted to them (Andrews 1930; Prakash 2005-2006). MARTIN LUTHER KING Martian Luther king was black American. Though Lincoln had abolished severely in 1862 blacks were still badly treated for example, black were not allowed to occupy a seat in public bus until the all whites had been seated Martin Luther king resisted all search practices in the united state. King meet many political and realizes leaders of the world finally he adopted the path of non-violence as son by mahatma Gandhi during his visited to India, he said I am not terrorist, I have come on pilgrimage to pay homage to the land of mahatma Gandhi such mahatma Gandhi was greatest man (Hakal 2008; Prakash 2004-2005). END OF LIFE A mad man Nathuram Godase killed him on January 30, 1848. When the Mahatma was murdered the whole world wept over his death. Like Thoreau Gandhi also insisted on the individual`s right to oppose governments, even governments at war. Democracy is hollow without the rights to dissent but fear and dissent don`t go together. For Gandhi the central evil of the modern world was materialism. It included both wealth and power. The state gathers brute force to destroy the spirit of freedom. This doesn`t mean that he was against wealth or power. He only taught certain values which would make man happy without material possessions. He advised to keep a thing if it provided inner help and comfort from anything. Nothing should be given up in a mood of self sacrifice or out of a strict sense of duty. This way a man might resign his post to be his own master, do his own work and grow. He detested shortening of time and distance and to run about the world to satisfy our wants. When Leon Blum heard about it he felt great personal loss. He called Ghandhiji an extraordinary man. It has been Mahatma Gandhis supreme faith that there is a nobler element in man which may be won over love. If the question is asked, what is the sum and substance of the charge which Mahatma Gandhi laid against the British government in India? It may be summed up in a single phrase. He charged them with the oppression of the poor. His political achievements were many but people paid tributes to his spiritual qualities and ethical qualities. His big contribution to modern civilizations is his life. Fisher rightly says: He was an Indian. WORK-CITED Andrews, C.F. Mahatma Gandhis Idias. New york: The Macmillan Company, 1930. Fischer, Louis. The Life of Mahatma Gandhi. New york: Harper Brother, 1950. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. 1982. Gandhi my Father. Dir. Feroz Abbas Khan. Perf. Anil kapur. 2007. Gandhi. Dir. Richard Attenborough. Perf. Ben Kingsley. 1982. Hakala, David. The Top 10 Leadership Qualities. Leaders can be found and nurtured 19 March 2008: 5. M.K.Gandhi. The story of my experiments with truth. Washington,D.C: Public Affairs press, 1948. Raval, Prakash .Ravals Key to Easy English Prose. Patan (India): Raval Prakashan, 2002-2005.

Nightmare: Carnival and Read Laser Tag

Just A Nightmare Carnivals are places that you go to have fun, but sometimes these fun places can turn into your worst nightmares. It all began on a night out with my family. We were just out at the mall and when we were coming back home, we passed by a carnival. The carnival looked incredible so my family and I decided to go to the carnival and have some fun as well. We went to the carnival and it looked better up close. There were people and lights everywhere, but the carnival still had a hollow and chilly feeling to it. Wherever I went, I had the feeling that somebody was following me.My brothers and me went on a couple of rides and then I saw a huge sign that read ‘Laser Tag’. That’s when I suddenly got an awkward urge of playing Laser Tag. I told my father and he got a ticket for me. The line was really long and my father did not want to wait in line with me so I told him that I could wait in line all alone and he should come back after 30 minutes to get me. He agreed and left me waiting there. Again this time, I had the chilly feeling that somebody or something was watching me anxiously, waiting to strike. It was finally my turn.I went in with a group of twenty people dressed in laser tag jackets of four different team colors and black laser guns labeled with the same color as their jackets. I was in the yellow team. After all of us got ready, the laser tag employees let us into a dark black-walled maze. I ran away from everyone so I would not get tagged. I ran and ran until I reached a dead end. I looked around and saw a red-labeled jacket and gun making its way toward me. I got my gun ready to shoot whoever it was, but when I pressed on the gun to shoot, the sound it made sent shivers down my spine.It was the boom sound real guns made. I looked in front of me and the red-labeled person fell to the ground. I just stood there, unable to move. I was still trying to make sense of this whole thing and after about five minutes, I got to th e conclusion that I had just killed a person! I was a murderer! I ran, closing my eyes as I got close to the person I had just killed. I clutched the gun tightly in my shaking hands incase I came in contact with more trouble. I ran and ran. I saw other labeled people, but I did not dare lift up my gun. I have to find my way out was the only thing I could think.I saw light far away at the end of the caliginous path. As I got closer, I realized it was some kind of backdoor. I ran through it and now, once again, I was out in the free air, but this time, there was no body to be seen or heard. There was stillness everywhere. It seemed like not even a single leave was moving. I looked around cautiously once again and started to run. I had to get as far away from this place as possible. I ran like a maniac who had some running disease. I got to an empty parking lot. It looked like a ghost town. I saw a dumpster and hid behind it to catch my breath.I was taking long, constant breaths when I heard distant footsteps coming closer and closer. I stopped breathing and got my gun ready again. I did not know what happened to me, but I felt like a walking and talking killing machine. The footsteps started to turn into silent claps that got louder. The footsteps then turned around the corner and their owner was now facing me. He was not a normal person. He was a clown. He was wearing those bright, colorful jester clothes and big red clown shoes. I stood there frozen. I had been scared of clowns since forever, and now my worst nightmare had come alive. Good job on your first kill,† the clown said, laughing hysterically. He got a shiny silver dagger out of the oversized pocket of his jester clothes and brought it towards me. I pointed my gun at him and pressed, but instead of a bullet or boom sound, a laser came out. The clown laughed hysterically again and brought the dagger close to my neck. â€Å"Too bad it’s your last. † And that is when I opened my eyes. I was lying on by bed sweating badly. My heart was beating like a drum. I looked around myself, panicking. â€Å"It was just a nightmare,† I convinced myself. Just a nightmare†¦

Women Prime Ministers and Presidents 20th Century

How many women have served as Presidents or Prime Ministers in the 20th century? Included are women leaders of countries both large and small. Many names will be familiar; some will be unfamiliar to all but a few readers.  (Not included: women who became presidents or prime ministers after the year 2000.) Some were highly controversial; some were compromise candidates. Some presided over peace; others over war. Some were elected; some were appointed. Some served briefly; others were elected; one, though elected, was prevented from serving. Many followed into office their fathers or husbands; others were elected or appointed on their own reputations and political contributions. One even followed her mother into politics, and her mother served a third term as prime minister, filling the office left vacant when the daughter took office as president. Women Prime Minister and Presidents Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lanka (Ceylon)Her daughter became president of Sri Lanka in 1994 and appointed her mother to the more ceremonial office of prime minister. The office of president was created in 1988 and given many of the powers the prime minister had had when  Sirimavo Bandaranaike held the office.Prime Minister, 1960-1965, 1970-1977, 1994-2000. Sri Lanka Freedom Party.Indira Gandhi, IndiaPrime Minister, 1966-77, 1980-1984. Indian National Congress.Golda Meir, IsraelPrime Minister, 1969-1974. Labor Party.Isabel Martinez de Peron, ArgentinaPresident, 1974-1976. Justicialist.Elisabeth Domitien, Central African RepublicPrime Minister, 1975-1976.  Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa.Margaret Thatcher, Great BritainPrime Minister, 1979-1990. Conservative.Maria da Lourdes Pintasilgo, PortugalPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Socialist Party.Lidia Gueiler Tejada, BoliviaPrime Minister, 1979-1980. Revolutionary Left Front.Dame Eugenia Charles, DominicaPrime Minister, 19 80-1995. Freedom Party.Vigdà ­s Finnbogadà ³ttà ­r, IcelandPresident, 1980-96. Longest-serving female head of state in the 20th century.Gro Harlem Brundtland, NorwayPrime Minister, 1981, 1986-1989, 1990-1996. Labour Party.Soong Ching-Ling, Peoples Republic of ChinaHonorary President, 1981. Communist Party.Milka Planinc, YugoslaviaFederal Prime Minister, 1982-1986. League of Communists.Agatha Barbara, MaltaPresident, 1982-1987. Labour Party.Maria Liberia-Peters, Netherlands AntillesPrime Minister, 1984-1986, 1988-1993. National Peoples Party.Corazon Aquino, PhilippinesPresident, 1986-92. PDP-Laban.  Benazir Bhutto, PakistanPrime Minister, 1988-1990, 1993-1996. Pakistan Peoples Party.Kazimiera Danuta Prunskiena, LithuaniaPrime Minister, 1990-91. Peasant and Green Union.Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, NicaraguaPrime Minister, 1990-1996. National Opposition Union.Mary Robinson, IrelandPresident, 1990-1997. Independent.Ertha Pascal Trouillot, HaitiInterim President, 1990-1991. Independ ent.Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, German Democratic RepublicPresident, 1990. Christian Democratic Union.Aung San Suu Kyi, Burma (Myanmar  )Her party, the National League for Democracy, won 80% of the seats in a democratic election in 1990, but the military government refused to recognize the results. She was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991.Khaleda Zia, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1991-1996. Bangladesh Nationalist Party.Edith Cresson, FrancePrime Minister, 1991-1992. Socialist Party.Hanna Suchocka, PolandPrime Minister, 1992-1993. Democratic Union.Kim Campbell, CanadaPrime Minister, 1993. Progressive Conservative.Sylvie Kinigi, BurundiPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Union for National Progress.Agathe Uwilingiyimana, RwandaPrime Minister, 1993-1994. Republican Democratic Movement.Susanne Camelia-Romer, Netherlands Antilles (Curaà §ao)Prime Minister, 1993, 1998-1999. PNP.Tansu Çiller, TurkeyPrime Minister, 1993-1995. Democrat Party.Chandrika Bandaranaike Kumaratunge, Sri LankaPrime Minis ter, 1994, President, 1994-2005Reneta Indzhova, BulgariaInterim Prime Minister, 1994-1995. Independent.Claudette Werleigh, HaitiPrime Minister, 1995-1996. PANPRA.Sheikh Hasina Wajed, BangladeshPrime Minister, 1996-2001, 2009-. Awami League.Mary McAleese, IrelandPresident, 1997-2011. Fianna Fail, Independent.Pamela Gordon, BermudaPremier, 1997-1998. United Bermuda Party.Janet Jagan, GuyanaPrime Minister, 1997, President, 1997-1999. Peoples Progressive Party.Jenny Shipley, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1997-1999. National Party.Ruth Dreifuss, SwitzerlandPresident, 1999-2000. Social Democratic Party.Jennifer M. Smith, BermudaPrime Minister, 1998-2003. Progressive Labour Party.Nyam-Osoriyn Tuyaa, MongoliaActing Prime Minister, July 1999. Democratic Party.Helen Clark, New ZealandPrime Minister, 1999-2008. Labour Party.Mireya Elisa Moscoso de Arias, PanamaPresident, 1999-2004. Arnulfista Party.Vaira Vike-Freiberga, LatviaPresident, 1999-2007. Independent.Tarja Kaarina Halonen, FinlandPreside nt, 2000-. Social Democratic Party. Ive included Halonen because the year 2000 is part of the 20th century. (The year 0 didnt exist, so a century starts with the year 1.) As the 21st century arrived, yet another was added: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo - President of the Philippines, sworn in on January 20, 2001. Mame Madior Boye became Prime Minister in Senegal in March of 2001. Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of founding head of state Sukarno, was selected as Indonesias fifth president in 2001 after losing in 1999. Ive limited the list above, however, to the history of women heads of state for the 20th century, and will not add anyone who took office after 2001 began. Text  © Jone Johnson Lewis.